The Indus Valley Civilization or The Harrapan Civilization (3000BC-1700BC) also the Bronzs age followed by the Iron age (1200BC-700BC) was probably the second phase of development of human being following the stone age (70,000BC-3300BC). This civilization flourished in the Indus in Pakistan and Ghaggar-Hakra river valley (a seasonal river) in northwestern India, the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent, was first identified in Harrapa in 1921 and in Moenjodaro in 1922.
The settlement structure of the Indus civilization is believed to have comparised two large cities, Harrapa and Moenjodaro, and another more than hundred tiny towns and villages. Harrapa and Moenjodaro, on the basisi of similarity in architecture and other artifacts recovered by excavation, are also known as twin cities of Indus valley civilization. The major excavation centers of this civilization were Moenjodaro on the Indus river in Larkana district of Sindh province and Harrapa on the river Ravi in Sahiwal district of the Punjab province in Pakistan.
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The Harrapan civilization is basically categorized into three phases. The Regionalization Era-the early Harrapans or early Bronz age (3300-2600BC), The Integration Era-the Mature Harrapans or middle Bronz age (2600-1900BC) and The Localization Era- the late Harrapans or late Bronz age (1900-1300BC). The early age relates to the starting of trade networks and distant sources of raw material. Villagers were able to have started domesticating some crops like peas, seeds, dates and cottons etc. The mature Harrapans were a sophesticated and technologically advanced people. They seemed to have knowledge in all basic needs of life almost paralleled to the life we lead in 21st century. The were, in that time, into science, art and culture, trade and transportation, agriculture, religion and the art of symobols and writing.
Around 1800 BC the signs of decline started to emerge and by 1700 BC most of the cities were abandoned but the Indus valley civilization did not diminish suddenly. One of the possible reasons of decline of the Indus valley civilization is
connected with the cooler climate. There may have been other crucial factors like the disappearace of Hakra river or even a tectonic even may have diverted the system's sources but who knows, it just may be due to the combination of various reasons.
Well, the region lies on the ancient route frequent migration from Arians to Huns and then by Turks and Mughals to South Asia through Hindukuch routes and passes. The Swat culture in the North is believed to have the result of settlement of Indo Aryans in the Subcontinent.
The extinction of the civilization is still unknown.
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| Day 1 |
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Arrival In karachi, transfer to hotel.
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| Day 2 |
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Karachi to Bambor, Makli, Thatha and then to Hyderabad, O/N in hotel. (11 hours)
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| Day 3 |
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Hyderabad to Halla and back(day trip). Famous for pottery.
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| Day 4 |
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Hyderabad to Rani kot fort and O/N at Seven Sharif.
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| Day 5 |
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Seven Sharif to Larkana via Manchhar Lake, O/N in hotel.
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| Day 6 |
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Larkana to Moenjodaro (day trip for 6-7 hours) and further drive to Sukkhur, O/N in hotel.
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| Day 7 |
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Sukkhur day excursion.
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| Day 8 |
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Sukkhur to Bahawalpur (9-10 hours), O/N in hotel.
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| Day 9 |
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Bahawalpur to Uchh shafir O/N Darawar fort.
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| Day 10 |
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Darawar fort to Multan, O/N in hotel.
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| Day 11 |
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Multan day excursion.
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| Day 12 |
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Multan to Lahore via Harrapa, O/N in hotel.
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| Day 13 |
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Lahore city tour.
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| Day 14 |
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Lahore to Islamabad via Salt Range, O/N in hotel.
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| Day 15 |
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Taxila day excursion.
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| Day 16 |
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Fly back home.
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